What to know about testicular cancer in men

A testicular lump, swelling, enlargement, heaviness, or a change in firmness can occur with testicular cancer. Pain may be present, but it is not required. Many scrotal changes have non-cancerous causes, so a symptom does not identify the cause on its own. Doctors may also ask about back pain, breast tenderness, or changes in general health because some tumours produce hormones or spread beyond the testicle.

Book a prompt clinical assessment for a new or persistent testicular change. The clinician may examine the scrotum, arrange an ultrasound, and order blood tests for tumour markers. If cancer is suspected, a urology team discusses the next step, which commonly involves removing the affected testicle through a groin operation rather than taking a needle sample through the scrotum. Further treatment depends on the tumour type and staging and may include surveillance, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Fertility and sperm storage should be discussed before treatment when relevant.

Arrange prompt care for a new lump, swelling, or persistent change in size or firmness. Sudden severe testicular pain, nausea, or a high-riding testicle needs emergency assessment because testicular torsion can threaten blood supply and requires rapid treatment. Do not wait for a routine cancer appointment when pain starts suddenly.

Ask which tests are needed, whether the change could have another cause, how treatment may affect fertility and hormones, whether sperm storage is suitable, and how staging results will guide the next decision. Ask which symptoms should lead you to urgent care.