What to know about retinoblastoma in children

The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Retinoblastoma starts when retinal cells grow abnormally. It may affect one eye or both eyes, and some children have an inherited form that can also raise the risk of other tumours. A white reflection in the pupil, a new squint, a red or painful eye, or reduced vision can be warning signs, although other eye conditions can cause similar changes. A photograph showing a white pupil should be assessed rather than explained away by camera flash.

Arrange prompt review with a paediatric eye specialist if a concerning sign appears. Assessment may involve an examination while the child is asleep, eye imaging, and tests to understand whether the tumour is limited to the eye. Treatment is chosen according to tumour location, size, number, and vision potential. It may include laser or freezing treatment, medicine delivered through the bloodstream or close to the eye, or surgery when the eye cannot be safely preserved. Genetic counselling may be offered.

Seek urgent medical assessment for a persistent white pupil reflection, a new squint, sudden vision change, eye swelling, marked redness, or eye pain. Emergency care is appropriate if the child has severe pain, injury, vomiting with unusual drowsiness, or rapidly worsening swelling. Take any photographs or previous eye reports to the appointment if available.

Ask whether one or both eyes are involved, whether the retina or optic nerve is affected, what testing requires sedation, how treatment may affect vision, and whether genetic counselling or family eye checks are advised. Clarify the treatment schedule and signs of infection or other complications.