What to know about womb cancer in women

Womb cancer, often called endometrial cancer when it begins in the uterine lining, can cause bleeding after menopause, bleeding between periods, heavier or longer periods, or watery or blood-stained discharge. Pelvic pain, pain during sex, or a change in urination or bowel habits can also occur. These symptoms have many possible explanations; having one does not establish that cancer is present.

A clinician may ask about menstrual and menopause history, examine you, arrange imaging, or recommend a sample from the womb lining. The tissue result helps identify the cancer type and guides discussion of surgery, radiotherapy, medicines, or combinations of treatments. Fertility, menopause symptoms, sexual wellbeing, and other health needs deserve space in the conversation.

Arrange an appointment for bleeding that is unusual for you, especially any bleeding after menopause. Note when bleeding or discharge occurs, how much there is, associated pain, and any medicines such as hormone treatments or blood thinners. Bring this record and ask what examination or test is being proposed.

If cancer is diagnosed, ask how far it extends, what the treatment aims to achieve, and how each option may affect recovery, bladder or bowel function, intimacy, and fertility. Tell the team about other illnesses and medicines before treatment begins. Emotional support and a second clinical opinion may help you make a decision.

Seek urgent medical help for heavy bleeding that makes you dizzy or faint, severe or rapidly worsening pelvic pain, marked weakness, or symptoms of shock such as cold clammy skin and confusion. Prompt assessment is also appropriate for persistent unusual bleeding, even when the amount is small. Do not wait for a routine appointment if symptoms suddenly become severe.

Ask: What may be causing the bleeding? Do I need an examination or womb-lining sample? What will the results show? If cancer is found, what type and stage is it? Which treatments are available, and how could they affect fertility, menopause, sex, or daily life?