What to know about childhood cancer in children

Cancer in children can begin in blood-forming tissues, the brain, bones, muscles, or other organs. The type, location, cell features, and extent of disease shape the care plan. A child may have symptoms such as an unusual lump, ongoing tiredness, unexplained bruising, persistent pain, headaches with vomiting, or changes in movement, vision, appetite, or behaviour. These signs can also have non-cancerous causes, so a symptom does not by itself establish a diagnosis.

Assessment may include an examination, blood tests, scans, or a biopsy. A paediatric oncology team explains which tests are needed and what each result can show. Children may need support with school, emotions, nutrition, sleep, and practical family needs alongside medical care.

Keep a brief record of symptoms, their timing, medicines, temperature readings, and changes in eating, drinking, sleep, or activity. Bring this information and the child’s previous medical details to appointments. If cancer is diagnosed, ask who coordinates care, how the proposed treatment works, what side effects need monitoring, and how infections or pain will be handled.

Treatment can involve medicines, surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination, depending on the diagnosis. The team will discuss fertility, growth, learning, and follow-up when those issues apply. Give medicines exactly as prescribed and contact the team before starting a new medicine or supplement.

Arrange prompt medical assessment for a child with a persistent or worsening symptom, an unexplained lump, repeated bruising or bleeding, ongoing fever, marked weakness, or pain that limits normal activity. Seek urgent help for severe breathing difficulty, a seizure, sudden weakness, confusion, uncontrolled bleeding, or a child who is difficult to wake. During cancer treatment, follow the oncology team’s instructions for fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration, or new illness because the response may need to be rapid.

Ask: What diagnosis is being considered or confirmed? Which tests are next, and how should we prepare? What symptoms require an immediate call? Who should we contact outside clinic hours? How might treatment affect school, activities, appetite, and daily routines? What support is available for the child and family?