What to know about cervical cancer in women

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects with the vagina. Cervical cancer may develop gradually from abnormal cell changes, and screening can identify changes that need follow-up. Possible signs include bleeding after sex, bleeding between periods or after menopause, unusual vaginal discharge, or pelvic pain. These symptoms can have causes other than cancer, so a symptom does not establish the diagnosis. A clinician may use an examination, screening history, laboratory testing, and a biopsy to clarify what is happening.

Arrange a medical appointment if you notice persistent or unusual bleeding, discharge, or pelvic discomfort. Bring the dates and pattern of symptoms, previous screening results, medicines, and questions about fertility or sexual health. Assessment may lead to monitoring, treatment of abnormal cells, surgery, radiotherapy, medicines, or a combination, depending on the findings. Ask how each option affects recovery, fertility, and daily activities.

Seek urgent medical help for heavy vaginal bleeding, faintness, severe pelvic pain, fever with marked weakness, or difficulty passing urine. Contact your care team promptly if symptoms worsen or if bleeding occurs during a planned treatment, because the team may need to check for anaemia, infection, or another complication.

Ask where the cancer is located, whether further tests are needed, what treatment goal is being pursued, and how the plan may affect fertility, intimacy, pregnancy, work, and follow-up care.