What happens if head and neck cancer is not treated?

Head and neck cancer can arise in areas such as the mouth, throat, voice box, nose, or nearby glands. As it grows, it may cause pain, bleeding, a neck lump, voice changes, difficulty swallowing, or trouble opening the mouth. Involvement of nearby structures can make eating, drinking, breathing, hearing, or speaking harder. Cancer cells may also reach lymph nodes in the neck and, in some cases, travel farther. A neck lump or swollen lymph node has many possible causes, so it is not proof of cancer.

Arrange prompt review with a head and neck specialist if symptoms persist or a diagnosis has been made. Examination, imaging, and a biopsy may identify the site and extent. Treatment can include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, or a combination. A speech and swallowing specialist, dietitian, or dental team may help protect nutrition and comfort while the cancer is assessed or treated. Tell the team about smoking, alcohol, dental problems, and any HPV-related history.

Seek emergency help for difficulty breathing, inability to swallow saliva, rapidly increasing swelling of the neck or mouth, coughing or vomiting blood, or dehydration from being unable to drink. New weakness, confusion, or severe bleeding also needs immediate care.

Ask where the cancer started, whether lymph nodes are involved, how swallowing and breathing will be protected, which treatment sequence is advised, and who to contact if eating, drinking, or breathing becomes harder.