What happens if gastrointestinal stromal tumour is not treated?

If a gastrointestinal stromal tumour is not treated, it may continue to grow, bleed, block part of the digestive tract, or spread to other organs. The course varies with the tumour's size, location, growth behaviour and whether it has already spread. A specialist can use scans, endoscopy and tissue testing to assess these features and discuss the next step.

As a GIST enlarges, it can press on nearby structures or interfere with the normal movement of food and waste. Bleeding may appear as blood in the stool, black stools, tiredness or symptoms caused by anaemia. A tumour in the stomach or bowel can also lead to abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, early fullness or a blockage. If tumour cells spread, the liver is one of the places doctors may check, although spread can involve other areas.

Lack of symptoms does not show that a tumour is harmless or inactive. Some GISTs are found during tests for another reason, while others cause symptoms as they grow. The diagnosis and risk features, rather than symptoms alone, guide decisions.

Arrange an appointment with a gastroenterology or oncology team if GIST has been diagnosed or is suspected. Bring scan reports, pathology results and a list of medicines. Treatment may involve tumour removal surgery, targeted therapy, monitoring in selected situations, or a combination chosen for the tumour's features. Do not stop or delay prescribed treatment without discussing the reason with your treating team.

Keep a record of pain, bowel changes, vomiting, appetite and any visible bleeding. This gives the team useful information while they plan investigations or treatment.

Seek urgent medical help for heavy or ongoing bleeding, black or tar-like stools, fainting, severe weakness, sudden or worsening abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, a swollen abdomen, or inability to pass stool or gas. These symptoms can signal significant bleeding, obstruction or another complication that needs prompt assessment.

Ask where the tumour is located, how large it is, whether it has spread, what the tissue tests show and how quickly a decision is needed. You can also ask which treatment is being recommended, what monitoring involves, which symptoms should prompt urgent help, and whether a specialist team should review the plan.