What happens if anaphylaxis is not treated?

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction involving the whole body. Swelling can narrow the throat and airways, while changes in blood vessels can lower blood pressure and reduce blood flow to vital organs. Difficulty swallowing, facial swelling, wheezing, dizziness or collapse may develop quickly, and symptoms can worsen even if the first signs seem mild.

Possible triggers include foods, medicines and insect stings. The reaction needs emergency assessment because breathing and circulation can change rapidly. Waiting to see whether symptoms pass, or relying on an allergy tablet alone, can delay the treatment needed to restore the airway and circulation.

Use an adrenaline auto-injector immediately if one has been prescribed, following its instructions, and call emergency services. Tell the dispatcher that anaphylaxis is suspected. Keep the person lying down if possible; if breathing is difficult, allow a comfortable position without letting them stand or walk.

A second auto-injector may be needed if symptoms do not improve, but follow local emergency instructions. Even when the person feels better, hospital observation is needed because symptoms can return. Specialist assessment and allergy testing can help identify the trigger and plan future prevention.

Treat sudden facial or throat swelling, difficulty swallowing, breathing difficulty, wheezing, faintness or collapse after a possible allergen as an emergency. Call emergency services at once and do not drive the affected person yourself if their breathing or alertness is impaired.

If symptoms are present now, stop reading and seek emergency help. Do not wait for a rash to appear: anaphylaxis can occur with breathing or circulation symptoms without obvious skin changes.

What may have triggered the reaction? Should I carry an adrenaline auto-injector, and how should family or colleagues use it? Do I need allergy testing, an emergency action plan, or advice about avoiding a food, medicine or insect sting?