What causes vulvar cancer?

The vulva includes the outer genital skin and tissues. HPV can persist in these tissues and cause cell changes that may progress over time. Many HPV infections clear without causing cancer, so HPV alone does not establish a cancer diagnosis. Vulvar cell changes can also occur through pathways not related to HPV, including long-standing inflammatory skin conditions. Age, immune health, and a history of other genital cell changes may affect individual risk.

Arrange an examination for a persistent itch, skin colour or texture change, sore, bleeding area, lump, or pain affecting the vulva. Avoid assuming that irritation is harmless if it does not improve. A clinician may inspect the skin closely and take a small biopsy when an area needs clarification. Mention HPV history, immune problems, smoking, and ongoing skin conditions so the assessment is tailored to you.

Seek prompt medical review for a vulvar sore, lump, bleeding, persistent itch, or a new patch that remains or changes. Get urgent help for heavy bleeding, severe pain, fever, or rapidly increasing swelling.

Could this change be related to HPV or an inflammatory skin condition? Is a biopsy needed? What should I use or avoid while waiting? How will you monitor the area after treatment?