What causes triple-negative breast cancer?

Triple-negative describes the results of tumour testing: the cells do not have receptors for oestrogen or progesterone and do not make excess HER2 protein. Because these three targets are absent, treatments aimed at them are not used in the same way. An inherited BRCA gene change can raise the chance of this cancer, but having such a change does not mean cancer is certain, and many people with triple-negative disease do not have an inherited mutation.

If you have been diagnosed, ask whether genetic counselling and inherited gene testing are appropriate for you and your family. Your team may review tumour features, family history, age at diagnosis, and other health factors when planning care. Treatment can include combinations of surgery, medicines, radiation, or immunotherapy depending on the stage and tumour findings. Do not blame yourself: diet, stress, or a single personal choice does not explain most cases.

Arrange medical assessment for a new breast lump, skin or nipple change, nipple discharge, persistent breast swelling, or a change in breast shape. These findings have several possible causes and do not by themselves establish cancer. During treatment, urgently report fever, breathing difficulty, severe allergic symptoms, or rapidly worsening pain to your oncology service.

What tests confirmed the triple-negative features? Should I have genetic counselling? What does my family history mean for relatives? Which treatments are being considered, and what is each intended to do?