What causes spinal stenosis?

The discs between the vertebrae can lose height or bulge, while the small joints and supporting ligaments may become thicker. These changes reduce the space available for the spinal cord or nerve roots. Lumbar spondylosis is one common pattern of wear associated with this narrowing. A vertebra that slips forward, known as spondylolisthesis, can also reduce space. Some people have a naturally narrow canal, and a previous injury or spinal operation may contribute. The location matters: narrowing in the lower back can affect the legs, while narrowing in the neck can affect the arms, hands, balance, or walking.

Arrange an assessment if back or neck symptoms keep returning, limit walking, or cause tingling, numbness, or weakness. A clinician may check strength, reflexes, sensation, walking, and the positions that bring on symptoms. Staying gently active within your limits is usually more helpful than prolonged bed rest; short walks, posture changes, and a supervised exercise plan may be considered. Treatment depends on the affected level and nerve findings. Learn more about [Lumbar Spondylosis](/conditions/lumbar-spondylosis/) and [Spondylolisthesis](/conditions/spondylolisthesis/).

Seek urgent medical care for new loss of bladder or bowel control, numbness around the inner thighs or genitals, rapidly worsening leg or arm weakness, or difficulty standing and walking. These changes can signal serious nerve compression and should not wait for a routine appointment.

Which part of my spine appears narrowed? Could my symptoms be coming from a nerve, joint, or another cause? Which movements and exercises are suitable now? What changes should prompt urgent review?