What causes shoulder osteoarthritis?

The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint covered by smooth cartilage. With osteoarthritis, that cushioning surface can thin and the joint may become less smooth. Repeated loading, an old fracture or dislocation, or long-standing shoulder instability can alter pressure across the joint. A significant rotator cuff problem may also change the position and movement of the ball, increasing strain on nearby surfaces. Symptoms can include deep aching, reduced movement, grinding, and pain when reaching or lifting. The underlying cause is not always a single event, and a scan alone does not determine how much treatment a person needs.

Arrange an assessment if pain or loss of movement is affecting dressing, sleep, work, or exercise. A clinician may ask about injuries, previous dislocations, overhead demands, and how symptoms have changed, then examine strength and movement. Treatment can include activity adjustment, guided exercises to preserve motion and support the shoulder, pain-relief options, and discussion of injections or surgery when symptoms remain limiting. Avoid forcing a painful range or repeatedly testing the joint under heavy load. Read more about Rotator Cuff Tear or Shoulder Instability if either problem has been mentioned.

Seek urgent medical help after a new injury that leaves the shoulder visibly deformed, suddenly unusable, or associated with severe swelling, numbness, or a cold or pale hand. Prompt assessment is also sensible for rapidly worsening pain, fever with a hot swollen joint, or new weakness after an injury. Otherwise, book a routine review when persistent pain or stiffness is narrowing daily activities.

Which part of my shoulder shows arthritic change? Could an old injury, instability, or rotator cuff damage be contributing? Which movements should I modify, and what exercises are appropriate? How will we judge whether treatment is helping?