What causes prostate cancer?

Cells normally follow signals that control growth, repair, and removal of damaged cells. Changes in their genetic instructions can disrupt those controls, allowing a group of prostate cells to multiply and form a tumour. Several changes may be involved, and the exact reason a particular person develops prostate cancer is often not known.

Some genetic changes are acquired during life, while others are inherited and can run in families. A BRCA gene mutation is one inherited factor associated with increased prostate cancer risk. Having a risk factor does not establish a diagnosis, and many people with prostate cancer have no known inherited cause.

Tell a clinician if close relatives have had prostate, breast, ovarian, or pancreatic cancer, especially at younger ages or in several branches of the family. Ask whether your family history suggests genetic counselling or testing.

If you have urinary changes, blood in urine or semen, pelvic discomfort, or concerns because of family history, arrange an assessment. Evaluation may include a discussion of symptoms, examination, a prostate-specific blood test, imaging, or biopsy when appropriate. A prostate cancer information page can provide additional background.

Book a timely appointment for persistent difficulty starting or stopping urine, a weaker stream, repeated night-time urination, blood in urine or semen, or ongoing pelvic or back discomfort. Seek urgent help if you cannot pass urine, have severe pain, or feel acutely unwell with fever.

Does my family history suggest inherited risk? Would genetic counselling be useful? Which tests would clarify my risk or symptoms? What are the possible benefits and limits of screening? If a test is abnormal, what would happen next?