What causes premature ovarian insufficiency?

The ovaries contain follicles that support egg release and hormone production. POI develops when follicle activity reduces earlier than expected, which may lead to irregular or absent periods, hot flushes, vaginal dryness, sleep changes, or difficulty conceiving. Symptoms can vary, and a missed period alone does not establish the diagnosis.

Possible causes include the immune system affecting ovarian tissue, inherited or chromosome-related conditions such as Turner syndrome, and damage from chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Some operations, infections, or genetic changes may also contribute. In many people, testing does not identify one clear cause.

Arrange an appointment with a gynaecologist or family doctor for repeated menstrual changes or menopause-like symptoms at a younger age. Assessment may include pregnancy testing, hormone blood tests, a review of family history and treatments, and checks for related health concerns. Discuss bone, heart, sexual, fertility, and emotional support rather than assuming that every symptom is due to POI.

Seek prompt care for very heavy bleeding, severe pelvic pain, a new breast or pelvic mass, or symptoms that begin soon after cancer treatment. Make a routine appointment for persistent cycle changes, hot flushes, vaginal dryness, or fertility concerns so other causes can be considered.

Which tests can clarify whether ovarian function is reduced? Should I have chromosome, autoimmune, or genetic assessment? How might treatment support bones, cardiovascular health, symptoms, and fertility goals?