What causes peptic ulcer?

The stomach and upper small intestine normally have protective mucus and chemical barriers. Helicobacter pylori infection can disturb these defences and cause inflammation, allowing acid and digestive juices to damage the lining. Anti-inflammatory pain medicines can also reduce protective substances, particularly when used repeatedly or alongside other risks.

An ulcer may cause burning or gnawing upper abdominal pain, indigestion, nausea, or no symptoms until bleeding occurs. Spicy food and stress may worsen discomfort but are not usually the underlying cause. Testing helps identify Helicobacter pylori and guides treatment.

Arrange a medical review for recurring upper abdominal pain, indigestion, unexplained nausea, or symptoms that persist. Tell the clinician about anti-inflammatory pain medicines, aspirin, smoking, previous ulcers, and family history. Treatment may include acid-reducing medicine and, when infection is found, a prescribed combination that clears Helicobacter pylori. Do not stop prescribed medicines without advice.

Get emergency help for vomiting blood, black or tar-like stools, sudden severe abdominal pain, fainting, marked weakness, or a rigid abdomen. These can indicate bleeding or a perforation and should not be managed at home.

Should I be tested for Helicobacter pylori? Could my pain medicines be contributing? Which treatment protects the stomach while the ulcer heals? How will we confirm that infection has cleared if it is found?