What causes penile cancer?

Human papillomavirus, or HPV, can persist in skin and mucosal cells and alter their normal growth controls. Not every HPV infection causes cancer. Other factors that may contribute include smoking, a weakened immune system, chronic irritation or inflammation, and some penile skin conditions. Difficulty retracting the foreskin can make changes harder to see or clean, but it does not itself establish cancer. The exact cause in an individual is often not identifiable.

Arrange an examination for a sore, lump, thickened area, colour change, bleeding, discharge, or a wound that does not heal. Do not rely on appearance alone. A clinician may inspect the area and recommend a biopsy if tissue needs closer examination. Avoid smoking and discuss HPV vaccination or sexual-health questions with a clinician, since prevention advice depends on age and personal circumstances.

Seek prompt medical care for a persistent penile lesion, bleeding, foul-smelling discharge, increasing swelling, or enlarged groin glands. Urgent help is appropriate if swelling causes difficulty passing urine, or if there is severe pain, fever, or rapidly spreading redness. Several infections and skin conditions can look similar, so examination is the way to determine the cause.

Ask whether the change could be infection, inflammation, or a skin condition; whether a biopsy is needed; and whether HPV vaccination or testing is relevant. Ask how to care for the area while waiting for assessment.