What causes ovarian cancer?

Inherited changes in genes such as BRCA can increase the chance that cells develop cancer. Lynch syndrome is another inherited condition associated with increased risk. Most ovarian cancers are not explained by one single cause. A cell can collect changes over time that affect growth control, repair of damaged DNA, or the way abnormal cells are removed. Age, family history, and some reproductive or hormonal factors may influence risk, but having a risk factor does not mean cancer will develop.

Tell a clinician if close relatives have had ovarian, breast, bowel, or related cancers. They may take a detailed family history and discuss genetic counselling or testing when appropriate. Testing can help clarify inherited risk for you and relatives, but it does not diagnose cancer by itself. Report new or ongoing bloating, pelvic discomfort, changes in bowel or bladder habits, or feeling full quickly so the cause can be assessed.

Arrange a medical assessment for symptoms that are new, persistent, or worsening, especially pelvic or abdominal swelling, pain, unusual bleeding, or unexplained weight change. Seek urgent help for severe sudden pain, fainting, repeated vomiting, or heavy bleeding. These signs can have causes other than cancer, but they need prompt evaluation.

Ask whether your family history suggests genetic counselling, which symptoms need investigation, and what examination or tests would help identify the cause. If genetic testing is discussed, ask what the result could mean for relatives and future care.