What causes multiple myeloma?

Plasma cells are immune cells that normally make antibodies. In myeloma, one abnormal plasma-cell group multiplies and produces a single abnormal protein. The growing cells can crowd out healthy blood-forming cells and affect bones, kidneys, or the body’s ability to fight infection.

MGUS and smouldering myeloma are related states in which abnormal plasma cells or proteins are present without the same pattern of organ damage. They can precede active multiple myeloma, but a diagnosis of either does not mean active myeloma is present.

A clinician may review blood counts, kidney function, calcium, abnormal proteins, and symptoms such as bone pain or repeated infections. Further assessment can include urine testing, imaging, and a bone-marrow examination when the findings point toward a plasma-cell disorder.

You cannot identify the cause from one symptom or one blood result. Take previous test reports and a list of medicines to the appointment, and mention new pain, unusual tiredness, infections, thirst, or changes in urination.

Arrange prompt medical assessment for persistent bone pain, unexplained tiredness, repeated infections, or symptoms that suggest kidney problems such as markedly reduced urination. Seek urgent help for severe weakness, confusion, sudden difficulty moving, or intense back pain with new leg weakness or loss of bladder control.

Could my results indicate MGUS, smouldering myeloma, or active multiple myeloma? Which tests will clarify this? Are my blood counts, kidney function, calcium, or protein levels affected? What symptoms should make me call sooner?