What causes kidney stones?

Not drinking enough fluid can make urine more concentrated, allowing crystals to collect. The balance of minerals, salts, and natural inhibitors in urine also matters. A family tendency, previous stones, some bowel or metabolic conditions, and certain medicines can increase risk. Stones may remain in the kidney without symptoms; pain often begins when one moves into the ureter and obstructs urine flow. The discomfort can spread from the side or back toward the groin and may come in waves.

For new or significant side pain, arrange a medical assessment rather than assuming it is a stone. A clinician may use urine testing and imaging to check for a stone, blockage, or another cause. Sip fluids if you can tolerate them, but do not force large amounts when you are vomiting or have been told to restrict fluids. Keep any passed stone for testing if your clinician requests it.

Get urgent help for severe or persistent pain, fever, chills, repeated vomiting, inability to urinate, or blood in the urine with feeling unwell. A blocked urinary tract alongside infection can damage the kidneys and needs prompt treatment. Seek advice sooner if you have one functioning kidney, are pregnant, or have known kidney disease.

Ask what type of stone is suspected, whether imaging is needed, and whether a passed stone should be analysed. Discuss fluid goals, dietary changes suited to the stone type, and whether any current medicine could contribute.