What causes iron deficiency anaemia?

Heavy menstrual blood loss is a common cause. Iron can also be lost slowly through the digestive tract, including from a Peptic Ulcer. Coeliac Disease can damage the small intestine and reduce iron absorption. A diet low in iron, increased needs during pregnancy or growth, and ongoing blood loss can each contribute.

The body uses iron to make haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells. Low iron may lead to tiredness, breathlessness with activity, headaches, dizziness, pale skin, palpitations, hair loss or unusual cravings. These symptoms can have other causes, so blood tests are needed to confirm deficiency and guide the search for its source.

Book a medical assessment if symptoms suggest anaemia or if a blood test has shown low iron. Tell the clinician about menstrual bleeding, stomach symptoms, bowel changes, diet, pregnancy, blood donation and medicines such as anti-inflammatory painkillers. Treatment may include iron replacement while the reason for deficiency is investigated.

Do not assume diet alone explains the result, particularly when there is digestive discomfort or blood loss. Take iron only as advised because the preparation and dose need to match your test results and health.

Seek urgent help for severe breathlessness at rest, chest pain, fainting, a racing heartbeat with weakness, vomiting blood or black stools. Arrange prompt review for ongoing bleeding, worsening fatigue, unexplained weight change or difficulty swallowing.

Ask which blood tests confirm iron deficiency, whether menstrual or digestive blood loss is likely, and whether Coeliac Disease testing is appropriate. Discuss how long treatment should continue and when your blood count should be checked again.