What causes gallstones?

The gallbladder stores bile, a fluid that helps digest fat. Stones can form when bile contains too much cholesterol or another substance, when the gallbladder does not empty effectively, or when bile becomes concentrated. Obesity is a recognised contributor, and rapid weight loss can also change bile balance. Family tendency, increasing age, pregnancy-related hormonal changes, some intestinal conditions, and certain blood disorders may raise susceptibility. Many stones remain in the gallbladder without symptoms. Pain usually begins when a stone blocks bile flow, often causing steady discomfort in the upper right or upper middle abdomen after eating, sometimes with nausea.

If pain is recurring, arrange an assessment rather than trying to diagnose the cause from symptoms alone. An ultrasound is commonly used to look for stones, while blood tests can assess inflammation or effects on the liver and pancreas. Regular meals, gradual weight changes, and a balanced eating pattern may support general health. Avoid foods that clearly trigger symptoms until reviewed, but do not follow a highly restrictive diet without advice.

Seek urgent care for severe or persistent upper abdominal pain, fever, repeated vomiting, yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, pale stools, or marked tenderness. These features can signal blockage or inflammation affecting the gallbladder, bile ducts, or pancreas and need prompt assessment.

Ask whether your symptoms fit gallstones, whether imaging or blood tests are needed, and whether a stone is blocking bile flow. If stones are found, ask when observation is reasonable and which treatment is appropriate for recurrent or complicated symptoms.