What causes COPD?

Repeated irritation can inflame and damage the airways and the air sacs that exchange oxygen. The airway walls may become thicker, mucus may increase and damaged lung tissue may lose elasticity. Together, these changes make it harder to move air out, particularly during exertion.

Smoking is a major cause, including exposure to second-hand smoke. Long-term contact with dust, chemical fumes, indoor cooking smoke or outdoor air pollution can also contribute, especially in poorly ventilated settings. Some people develop COPD at a younger age because of an inherited vulnerability or previous lung injury. COPD itself is not caused by a single episode of a cold.

Stopping smoking is the most useful step for reducing ongoing smoke exposure. Avoid second-hand smoke, improve ventilation around dust or fumes, and use workplace protection recommended for the specific hazard. Ask a clinician about breathing symptoms rather than assuming they are normal ageing.

Assessment may include a history of exposures, listening to the chest and a breathing test called spirometry. Treatment can include inhaled medicines, pulmonary rehabilitation, vaccinations and an activity plan, depending on symptoms and test results. Early review can also identify asthma or another explanation.

Arrange an appointment for persistent cough, phlegm, wheeze, breathlessness during usual activities or repeated chest infections, particularly after smoke or dust exposure. Seek urgent care for severe breathlessness, blue or grey lips, new confusion, chest pain, coughing blood or a rapid deterioration. A known COPD diagnosis with a sudden change in breathing also warrants prompt advice.

Ask whether spirometry is appropriate, which exposure may be affecting your lungs, and what support is available for stopping smoking or changing workplace conditions. Discuss inhaler technique, an action plan for flare-ups and which symptoms should trigger urgent help.