What causes cervical dysplasia?

Human papillomavirus, often called HPV, is a common infection spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. The immune system clears many infections, but a persistent high-risk type can interfere with the normal growth and repair of cervical cells. Those altered cells are called dysplasia; they are not the same as invasive cervical cancer.

Cervical dysplasia often causes no symptoms and may be found through screening. The grade describes how much the cells differ from normal and helps determine whether monitoring or treatment is suitable. An abnormal screening result does not by itself establish cancer.

Keep the recommended follow-up appointment even if you feel well. Depending on the result, follow-up may include repeat screening, HPV testing, or a closer examination of the cervix with a biopsy. Ask how the result is classified and when the next assessment is due.

Avoid assuming that a past or current partner's health explains the result; HPV can remain quiet for a long time. Do not use vaginal products or treatments before an examination unless advised by a clinician.

Contact your clinician if you have unusual bleeding, bleeding after sex, persistent unusual discharge, or pelvic pain, particularly if screening follow-up is overdue. Seek urgent care for heavy bleeding, severe pelvic pain, dizziness, or fainting.

What does my cell change or HPV result mean? Do I need repeat screening, colposcopy, or a biopsy? When should I return, and which symptoms should prompt earlier contact?