What are the treatment options for male factor infertility?

Male factor infertility can relate to sperm number, movement or shape, difficulty delivering semen, a blockage, hormone problems, varicocele, infection, medicines or impaired sperm production. A semen analysis is an early part of assessment, and results may need repeating because findings can vary. A fertility clinician may also review sexual function, medical history, medications, examination findings and both partners' reproductive factors.

Treatment may involve changing a medicine with medical supervision, treating infection, correcting a hormone problem or discussing surgery for a blockage or varicocele. IUI places prepared sperm inside the uterus around ovulation and may suit selected cases with usable sperm. ICSI injects a single sperm into an egg during IVF and may be considered when sperm movement or number is very limited, or fertilisation was difficult. Surgical sperm retrieval collects sperm from the epididymis or testicle when ejaculated sperm are absent or unsuitable. The plan should reflect the cause, ovarian factors and fertility goals.

Book a fertility assessment when pregnancy has not occurred as hoped, or sooner with absent ejaculation, testicular pain or swelling, or a history of testicular surgery, chemotherapy or injury. Seek urgent care for sudden severe testicular pain. Do not start hormones or supplements for fertility without checking their effects on sperm production.

Ask what the semen analysis shows, whether it should be repeated, whether a reversible cause is present and which specialist tests are useful. Discuss IUI versus ICSI, the role of surgery, how sperm will be collected and how choices interact with the other partner's plan.