What are the treatment options for diphtheria?

Diphtheria is caused by bacteria that can produce a toxin. Clinicians may begin treatment when diphtheria is suspected rather than waiting for every test result. [Antibiotic Treatment](/treatments/medical-management/antibiotic-treatment/) helps clear the bacteria and reduce spread. An antitoxin may be considered by specialist teams when toxin-related illness is suspected.

Hospital care may be needed to watch breathing, swallowing, heart rhythm, and nerve function. Isolation and testing help protect other people. People who have been close contacts may need assessment, testing, preventive medicine, and vaccination review.

Seek urgent medical assessment for a severe sore throat with a grey or white coating, neck swelling, breathing difficulty, or exposure to a confirmed case. Call ahead so the service can reduce contact with others. Do not share cups, utensils, towels, or cigarettes while awaiting advice. Give clinicians your vaccination history and details of close contacts.

Call emergency services immediately for struggling or noisy breathing, blue or grey lips, inability to swallow saliva, rapidly worsening neck swelling, fainting, severe weakness, or confusion. Diphtheria can worsen quickly, so breathing or swallowing changes should not wait for a routine appointment.

Could this be diphtheria, and what tests are needed? Do I need hospital observation? Should close contacts be assessed? Do I need an update through [Childhood Immunisation](/treatments/preventive-care-and-vaccination/childhood-immunisation/)?