What are the symptoms of shoulder instability?

A person may feel that the shoulder is loose, about to come out, or briefly shifts during reaching, throwing or pushing. Popping and clicking can accompany movement. Some people guard the arm, avoid positions such as reaching overhead or behind the head, or notice reduced confidence in the shoulder. Repeated episodes can follow an earlier dislocation, although instability symptoms can also occur without a complete dislocation.

Stop the movement that makes the shoulder feel as if it will slip and avoid testing the range repeatedly. Keep the arm supported after an injury and arrange assessment. Physiotherapy may improve control and strength around the shoulder. If episodes continue despite rehabilitation, a specialist may discuss shoulder stabilisation surgery.

Get urgent care if the shoulder appears out of place, the arm cannot move normally, or there is new numbness, marked weakness or a pale or cold hand. Arrange a timely review for repeated giving-way, pain after a fall, or symptoms that interfere with work, sleep or sport.

Does my shoulder feel unstable because of a dislocation, ligament injury or muscle-control problem? Which positions should I avoid temporarily? What strengthening plan is suitable? How would you decide whether stabilisation surgery is appropriate?