What are the risk factors for tuberculosis?

TB spreads through the air when a person with infectious disease in the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings. Risk rises after repeated or prolonged indoor contact, particularly where ventilation is poor. People living in or spending time in crowded settings may have more exposure.

The immune system normally contains TB bacteria. HIV infection and medicines or illnesses that weaken immunity can make active TB more likely after infection. Other factors include diabetes, poor nutrition, smoking, and kidney disease. A previous positive TB test or untreated latent TB infection also matters.

Tell a clinician about close contact with someone who has TB, previous TB testing, travel or residence in an area where TB is common, and any medicine that affects immunity. They may offer a skin test or blood test and, when needed, a chest assessment.

A positive test does not by itself show whether TB is active. Further assessment separates latent infection from illness and helps determine whether preventive treatment is appropriate. Do not stop immune-suppressing medicine without medical advice.

Arrange prompt medical assessment for a cough lasting several weeks, coughing blood, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, chest pain, or unusual tiredness, especially after a known exposure. Seek urgent help for severe breathing difficulty or large amounts of blood. Keep distance from others and wear a mask if a clinician suspects infectious TB until you receive advice.

Could my exposure or health history justify TB testing? Which test is suitable for me? If a test is positive, do I need a chest assessment or preventive treatment? What symptoms should prompt urgent review?