What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?

Long-term ultraviolet exposure from sunlight or tanning devices can damage the DNA of skin cells, especially on exposed areas such as the face, ears, scalp, hands, and lower legs. Fair skin that burns or freckles easily offers less natural protection, but any skin tone can develop this cancer. Previous actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, or skin cancer raises concern. Risk can also increase around chronic wounds, scars, burns, or areas repeatedly exposed to radiation. A weakened immune system, including from certain medicines or medical conditions, can make abnormal cells harder to control.

Use shade, protective clothing, a broad-spectrum sunscreen, and lip protection when outdoors; reapply sunscreen as directed. Avoid tanning beds and do not deliberately burn the skin. Examine your skin regularly in good light, including the ears, scalp, hands, and areas covered by hair. Ask for a professional skin check if you have several risk factors or a history of actinic keratosis or skin cancer. Sun protection remains useful even after a lesion has been treated.

Book a prompt dermatology assessment for a rough scaly patch, a firm bump, a sore that repeatedly crusts or bleeds, or a wound that does not heal. Arrange earlier review if a lesion grows, becomes tender, changes shape, or sits on the ear, lip, eyelid, or another sensitive site. Do not wait for pain; early lesions may be subtle.

Does this lesion need a biopsy? Could it be actinic keratosis or another condition? How often should my skin be checked? Which sun-protection habits matter most for my daily routine?