What are the risk factors for spinal cord compression?

Cancer cells in the bones of the spine can weaken or reshape a vertebra. A collapsed bone, an enlarging tumour, or swelling around the spinal cord can narrow the space containing the cord or the nerves. Bone metastases are a common cause in people with advanced cancer, and multiple myeloma can also affect spinal bones.

Risk is also influenced by where disease is located and whether a vertebra has already fractured or become unstable. A person can have significant compression without severe pain at first, so new neurological changes matter even when back pain seems manageable.

Tell your oncology team promptly about new or worsening back or neck pain, pain that travels around the chest or abdomen, pain that worsens when lying down or coughing, or a change in walking. Mention any history of bone metastases, multiple myeloma, or spinal fracture. Your team may arrange an urgent examination and imaging.

Avoid delaying assessment to see whether symptoms settle. Follow advice about movement and lifting until the spine has been assessed. More information is available about [Multiple Myeloma](/conditions/multiple-myeloma/).

Spinal cord compression is an emergency. Seek immediate medical help for new leg or arm weakness, numbness, difficulty walking, loss of balance, or new problems controlling urine or bowel movements. Severe new back pain with any of these symptoms also needs urgent assessment.

Does my cancer involve the bones or spine? Which back symptoms should trigger an emergency call? Do I need an MRI or another scan? Should I change activity while symptoms are being assessed? What support is available for pain and mobility?