What are the risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease?

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the upper reproductive organs, including the womb, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea can spread upwards from the cervix, sometimes without noticeable symptoms. Risk can rise with a new sexual partner, multiple partners, sex without condoms, or a partner who has an untreated sexually transmitted infection.

A previous episode of pelvic inflammatory disease increases the chance of another episode. Infection can also occur after childbirth, miscarriage, abortion, insertion of an intrauterine device, or a procedure involving the cervix or womb, particularly when an infection is already present. These factors do not prove that someone has pelvic inflammatory disease.

Use condoms, arrange regular sexually transmitted infection testing when appropriate, and seek testing after a partner discloses an infection. If a test is positive, follow the full treatment plan and ensure partners receive advice about testing and treatment. Avoid sex until a clinician says it is safe. Do not share leftover antibiotics or stop treatment when symptoms improve.

Arrange same-day medical assessment for lower-abdominal pain with fever, unusual vaginal discharge, pain during sex, bleeding between periods, or pain when passing urine. Seek urgent care for severe pelvic pain, vomiting, fainting, heavy bleeding, or possible pregnancy with pelvic pain. Early treatment helps reduce the risk of lasting tubal or pelvic damage.

Ask which infection tests you need, whether partners need treatment, how long to avoid sex, and whether a follow-up examination is needed if pain continues.