What are the risk factors for multiple myeloma?

Multiple myeloma develops from abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. A precursor condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or MGUS, can produce an abnormal protein and may precede myeloma. Smouldering myeloma is another related condition that needs specialist monitoring.

Risk also rises with older age and is higher when a close relative has had myeloma. Some immune-system disorders and certain workplace or environmental exposures have been studied as possible influences, but a single cause is often not found. Having a risk factor does not mean myeloma will develop.

If you have MGUS or smouldering myeloma, keep the monitoring appointments recommended by your haematology team. Report new bone pain, unusual tiredness, repeated infections, thirst, constipation, or changes in urination. Do not interpret these symptoms alone; they can have several causes and need clinical assessment.

Contact your medical team promptly for persistent or severe bone pain, marked weakness, repeated infections, unexplained bruising, or worsening fatigue. Seek urgent care for sudden severe back pain with leg weakness or numbness, confusion, fainting, or very little urine.

Ask whether your blood results suggest MGUS, smouldering myeloma, or another condition, and what monitoring is needed. Ask which symptoms matter most, whether family history changes your care, and when to seek urgent help.