What are the risk factors for lymphoedema?

Cancer surgery may remove or disturb lymph nodes, especially in the armpit, groin, or pelvis. The risk can also rise after radiotherapy because treatment may affect nearby lymph channels. The extent of node treatment, the area treated, and healing after surgery all influence risk.

Lymphoedema can appear soon after treatment or much later. Infection, injury, reduced movement, inflammation, or further blockage can make drainage more difficult. Having a risk factor does not mean swelling will develop, and swelling can have causes other than lymphoedema.

Keep the skin clean and moisturised, protect it from cuts and burns, and treat small wounds promptly. Gradual movement and exercises recommended by your care team can support normal fluid movement. Avoid tight clothing or jewellery over a vulnerable area, and mention new heaviness, tightness, or swelling at an early visit.

Contact your cancer team if one arm, leg, breast, chest wall, or nearby area becomes persistently swollen, heavy, tight, or less flexible. Seek prompt medical care for rapidly increasing swelling, redness, warmth, worsening pain, fever, or a wound, because infection can need treatment.

Ask which lymph-node areas were affected, whether your treatment plan includes a higher-risk region, and which exercises or skin-care steps fit your recovery. Ask where to be assessed if swelling appears and whether a lymphoedema specialist is available.