What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

Some people inherit gene changes, including BRCA-related changes, that alter how cells repair damage. A close family history may also signal inherited risk, although many people diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family pattern.

Risk can also relate to age, reproductive and hormonal history, dense breast tissue, and previous breast conditions such as atypical changes. Alcohol use, excess body weight after menopause, limited physical activity, and previous radiation exposure to the chest can contribute in some circumstances. These factors do not predict an individual outcome.

Share your family history, previous breast biopsies, medicines, pregnancies, and any chest radiation with a clinician. A risk discussion may lead to a personalised screening plan or genetic counselling. Do not stop prescribed hormones without medical advice.

Arrange a clinical assessment for a new breast or armpit lump, a persistent skin or nipple change, unusual nipple discharge, or a change in breast shape. These findings can have non-cancer causes, but they should be examined rather than self-diagnosed.

Ask which parts of your history change your screening plan, whether genetic counselling is suitable, and how breast density affects imaging. Ask what breast changes should prompt an appointment and how to keep your personal risk information up to date.