What are the first signs of vulvar cancer?

The vulva can develop irritation, dermatitis, infection, cysts, or other non-cancer conditions that look or feel similar. Vulvar cancer may present as a single area that does not heal or as a change in colour, thickness, texture, or shape. HPV infection is associated with some vulvar cancers, but many vulvar changes are unrelated to HPV.

A clinician may inspect the skin, ask about symptoms and medicines, and take a small biopsy if an area remains unusual. A biopsy is the way to identify abnormal cells rather than relying on appearance alone.

Arrange a gynaecology or primary-care appointment for persistent itching, a new lump, a sore that does not heal, or unexplained bleeding. Avoid harsh soaps and scratching while waiting, and note the location, duration, colour, discharge, and any pain. Confirmed vulvar cancer may be treated with tumour removal surgery, radiotherapy, or both depending on its location and extent.

Seek urgent care for heavy or ongoing bleeding, severe pain with fever, rapidly increasing swelling, inability to pass urine, or faintness. These signs can reflect bleeding, infection, or obstruction and need prompt medical attention.

Ask what changes need examination, whether a biopsy is needed, and how to care for irritated skin without masking the findings. Ask which bleeding, pain, or swelling symptoms should prompt urgent review.