How vulvar cancer is detected

A clinician examines the skin and tissues of the vulva for a lump, ulcer, thickened area, colour change, or sore that does not settle. Symptoms can also include persistent itching, burning, pain, or bleeding. These findings have many possible causes, including infection, inflammation, and skin conditions, so appearance alone cannot confirm cancer.

If an area looks unusual or remains despite initial care, a small tissue sample may be taken under local anaesthetic. A laboratory examines the sample to identify abnormal cells and guide the next step. The examination may also include checking nearby groin areas.

Arrange an appointment if a vulvar change persists, returns, or differs from your usual skin. Before the visit, note when it began, whether it is growing, and any itching, discharge, pain, or bleeding. Avoid repeatedly applying treatments that mask the appearance unless prescribed. A referral to a gynaecology or specialist service may follow the examination.

Seek prompt medical care for new bleeding, a rapidly changing lump, an open sore, severe pain, difficulty passing urine, or symptoms with fever or feeling very unwell. Emergency help is appropriate for heavy bleeding, inability to pass urine, or severe uncontrolled pain.

Ask what was seen on examination, whether a biopsy is appropriate, how to care for the area while waiting, and what the possible next treatments would be if abnormal cells are found.