What should you know about vomited blood once?

Blood may look bright red, dark brown, or like coffee grounds. It can come from the oesophagus, stomach, or the first part of the small intestine. Irritation from forceful retching, a stomach ulcer, inflammation, or enlarged veins can cause bleeding. A nosebleed or mouth injury can also be swallowed and then appear in vomit. A single episode does not identify the cause, and it does not by itself mean cancer. Oesophageal cancer and stomach cancer are possible conditions doctors may consider alongside many other explanations.

Tell the clinician how much you saw, what it looked like, whether you had repeated retching, and whether you take medicines that can increase bleeding, such as anticoagulants or some anti-inflammatory pain medicines.

Arrange urgent medical care even if the bleeding has stopped. Do not drive yourself if you feel faint or weak. Avoid alcohol and do not take aspirin, ibuprofen, or another anti-inflammatory pain medicine unless a clinician tells you to. Do not eat or drink until you have received advice, particularly if you may need an urgent examination. Keep a list of your medicines and note the time and appearance of the episode.

Call emergency services immediately if blood continues, the amount is more than a small streak, or you have dizziness, fainting, confusion, rapid breathing, cold clammy skin, severe abdominal pain, black stools, or trouble staying awake. These can signal significant blood loss or another serious problem. Do not wait for another episode to decide what to do.

Ask what the likely bleeding source is, whether your medicines could contribute, which tests are needed, and what warning signs should send you back for emergency care. Ask when it is safe to restart any medicine you were told to pause.