Types of ovarian cancer

Epithelial tumours begin in the cells covering the ovary or related pelvic surfaces and include several subtypes, such as high-grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous cancers. Germ cell tumours start in cells involved in egg development. Stromal cell tumours arise from hormone-producing supporting tissue. Some cancers found near the ovary begin in the fallopian tube or peritoneum and are managed within the same clinical pathway.

A pathology report identifies the tissue type and grade. Imaging, often including Pelvic Ultrasound, helps show the pelvis and abdomen, while surgery may provide more tissue for a firm diagnosis. Genomic Tumour Profiling and BRCA Genetic Testing can add information relevant to treatment and family risk.

A gynaecological oncology team may discuss surgery, chemotherapy or both. Oophorectomy removes an ovary; Ovarian Cancer Debulking Surgery aims to remove as much visible cancer as safely possible when disease is more extensive. The sequence depends on the tumour type, stage, symptoms and fitness for treatment. Palliative Care can support pain, appetite, fatigue and emotional needs at any stage.

Arrange assessment for ongoing bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, early fullness, changing bowel habits or unusual bleeding. Seek urgent help for severe sudden pain, repeated vomiting, fainting, heavy bleeding or a swollen abdomen with difficulty breathing. During treatment, contact the team promptly for fever, worsening pain or inability to keep fluids down.

Ask where the cancer began, which subtype and grade the pathology shows, whether it has spread, and whether BRCA or tumour profiling is appropriate. Ask what surgery would involve, whether fertility or menopause needs discussion, and how treatment will be monitored.