Types of non-small cell lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma begins in cells involved in mucus production and is commonly found in outer lung areas. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from cells lining the airways and may occur nearer the central bronchi. Large cell carcinoma describes a tumour whose cells do not show the defining features of the other major subtypes. Pathology may identify a less common or mixed pattern.

The subtype is only part of the picture. Tumour size, lymph-node involvement, spread, symptoms, general health, and molecular alterations can change the treatment discussion. A cough, breathlessness, chest discomfort, or hoarseness can accompany lung disease, but none of these symptoms by itself establishes cancer.

The diagnosis is usually based on imaging and a pathology sample. Ask whether the tumour should be tested for molecular changes that could make targeted therapy relevant, or whether immunotherapy is suitable. For selected localised tumours, surgery such as lung lobectomy or focused stereotactic body radiotherapy may be discussed. The plan depends on stage, lung function, and the tumour’s biology.

Arrange review for a persistent cough, repeated chest infections, unexplained weight change, chest pain, coughing blood, or continuing voice change. Seek urgent help for severe breathing difficulty, substantial bleeding, new confusion, sudden weakness, or collapse.

Which subtype is shown by the pathology report? What is the stage and treatment aim? Should molecular testing be done before choosing systemic therapy? Could surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy be appropriate? How will lung function and treatment effects be monitored?