Types of immunohistochemistry staining

A pathologist selects a panel of stains rather than relying on one colour alone. Lineage markers help identify whether cells fit a particular tissue origin. Predictive markers can show proteins linked with treatment choices, while mismatch-repair or proliferation-related markers may add clinical information. The exact panel depends on the tissue and the diagnostic question.

The result may be reported as positive, negative, weak, strong, focal or diffuse. A result describes the tested sample and must be interpreted with the microscope findings, imaging and clinical history.

Ask which markers were tested, what control material was used, and whether the staining pattern supports a diagnosis or a treatment decision. Immunohistochemistry is commonly performed on biopsy tissue. If the sample is small or the result is unclear, the team may request additional stains or another sample.

Contact the clinical team promptly if you have new pain, bleeding, fever or worsening symptoms after a biopsy. A stain itself does not cause symptoms because it is performed on tissue in the laboratory. Do not delay care while waiting for a report if your condition is changing quickly.

Which markers were tested and why? What do positive or negative findings mean for my diagnosis? Is the sample adequate? Are more stains, a review by another pathologist or further testing needed?