What should you know about symptoms during menopause?

Menopause is the stage when menstrual periods stop because ovarian hormone production changes. Symptoms may appear gradually, vary from month to month, and affect people differently. Temperature changes can cause flushing or sweating, while shifting hormones and discomfort may disturb sleep, concentration or mood. Vaginal and urinary tissues can also become drier, making sex uncomfortable or causing irritation. Period changes are expected during the transition, but bleeding after periods have stopped deserves assessment. Symptoms can overlap with thyroid problems, medication effects and other conditions, so a clinician may consider the whole pattern rather than one symptom alone.

Keep a brief record of bleeding, flushes, sleep, mood and triggers such as heat, alcohol, spicy food or stress. Lightweight clothing, a cool bedroom and regular movement may make temperature symptoms easier to handle. Use a vaginal moisturiser for ongoing dryness and a water-based lubricant for sexual activity; seek advice if pain or irritation continues. Talk with a clinician about treatment choices, including whether hormone or non-hormonal options fit your health history. Do not start supplements or hormones without checking their suitability.

Arrange prompt medical review for bleeding after menopause, very heavy bleeding, bleeding between periods, new pelvic pain, or symptoms that interfere with sleep, work or daily life. Seek urgent help for severe pain, fainting, chest pain, sudden weakness or heavy bleeding with dizziness. A new vaginal bulge or pressure may need assessment for pelvic organ prolapse rather than being assumed to be a menopause symptom.

Which symptoms fit the menopause transition, and which need another check? Could my medicines or thyroid affect them? What treatments are appropriate with my medical history? How should unexpected bleeding, vaginal pain or urinary changes be assessed?