Swelling caused by a Bartholin gland cyst

The Bartholin glands sit near the lower vaginal opening and release fluid for lubrication. If a duct becomes blocked, fluid can collect and form a soft or firm lump, often on one side. A small cyst may cause little discomfort, while a larger one can make walking, sitting or sex uncomfortable.

When bacteria enter the trapped fluid, an abscess may develop. This can become increasingly tender, red and hot, with pus or fever. A lump that is new, hard, fixed, recurrent or present after menopause needs an examination because not every vulval swelling is a Bartholin cyst.

Keep the area gently clean and wear loose, breathable underwear. Sitting in comfortably warm water may ease soreness for some people; stop if it worsens irritation. Do not squeeze, pierce or try to drain the lump yourself, since this can spread infection or injure the skin.

Arrange a clinical review if the lump is painful, enlarging, recurrent or affecting daily activities. Treatment depends on its size, symptoms and whether it is infected. A clinician may recommend drainage, antibiotics in selected situations, or a procedure such as Bartholin Cyst Marsupialisation to create a lasting opening for drainage.

Seek same-day medical advice for severe pain, rapidly increasing swelling, fever, feeling unwell, spreading redness, or difficulty walking or sitting. Seek urgent help if you cannot pass urine or if severe pain is accompanied by faintness. Prompt examination helps distinguish an abscess from other causes of vulval pain and swelling.

Ask whether the lump appears to be a cyst or abscess, whether you need drainage or a swab, and how to care for the area afterward. Mention any previous episodes, fever, pregnancy, allergies and medicines. You can also ask how to reduce the chance of recurrence and when to return if symptoms continue.