Stuffy and runny nose: what to know

Clear watery discharge with sneezing or itchy eyes often fits allergic rhinitis, including reactions to house dust mites or pets. A common cold may bring sore throat, cough and gradual congestion. Influenza often causes a more abrupt illness with fever, aches and marked fatigue. COVID-19 can include nasal symptoms alongside cough, sore throat, fever or changes in smell. Sinusitis may follow a respiratory illness and add facial pressure, reduced smell or thicker mucus. These patterns overlap, so one symptom cannot confirm a cause.

Rest, drink fluids, and use saline spray to ease irritation and loosen mucus. Wash hands, cover coughs and avoid close contact with vulnerable people while you are acutely unwell. Reduce exposure to smoke, dust, pets or other known triggers. A pharmacist can advise about allergy treatment or pain relief after checking your medicines and health conditions. Follow local testing and isolation advice if infection is suspected.

Seek urgent help for severe breathing difficulty, chest pain, confusion, fainting, blue lips, or swelling around an eye. Arrange medical advice if symptoms are worsening, dehydration makes it hard to drink, fever persists, symptoms recur frequently, or congestion and discharge do not improve. Ask for advice sooner if you are pregnant, immunocompromised or have a long-term condition.

Does the timing and discharge pattern suggest infection or allergy? Do I need testing or a specific treatment? Which symptoms should prompt an urgent call?