Signs of dementia

A person may repeat questions, lose track of bills or appointments, struggle to follow a familiar recipe, or place everyday objects in unusual locations. They may withdraw from activities, become more suspicious, or find it harder to judge risk. Dementia is a condition affecting thinking and daily function; occasional forgetfulness alone does not establish it. Depression, poor sleep, medication effects, hearing loss, infection, and other illnesses can cause similar changes.

Write down examples, when they began, how often they occur, and which daily tasks are affected. Bring a current medicine list and, if possible, ask someone who knows the person well to describe changes. Arrange a GP consultation for a history, physical review, medication check, and cognitive assessment. The clinician may consider blood tests or further assessment to look for treatable contributors. Speak respectfully with the person and involve them in decisions about support.

Sudden confusion, new weakness, facial drooping, trouble speaking, a severe headache, fainting, or a major change in alertness needs urgent medical attention rather than a routine dementia appointment. Seek prompt advice if confusion follows a fall, fever, medication change, or urinary symptoms. Gradual changes still deserve assessment when they interfere with driving, cooking, finances, personal care, or safe use of medicines.

Ask what conditions and medicines could mimic dementia, which tests are appropriate, and what support is available for safety, memory aids, driving, and future planning. Ask how to respond if the person becomes distressed or refuses help.