What should you know about NAAT testing for chlamydia and gonorrhoea?

NAAT stands for nucleic acid amplification test. It detects genetic material from the bacteria that cause these sexually transmitted infections, rather than relying only on visible symptoms. A sample may be first-catch urine or a swab from the vagina, cervix, throat or rectum, depending on sexual exposure and symptoms. Tell the clinician which sites may need testing so a relevant sample is collected.

A positive result means the sampled site has evidence of infection and a clinician can select appropriate antibiotic treatment. A negative result lowers the chance of infection at the tested site, but timing, recent antibiotics and an untested site can affect interpretation. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea can occur without symptoms; painful urination and vaginal discharge are possible presentations, not proof of either infection.

Arrange testing through a sexual-health service or GP if you have symptoms, a partner with an infection, or a recent exposure. Follow the collection instructions carefully and share any medicines already taken. Until results and clinical advice are clear, avoid sex or use condoms consistently; if the result is positive, follow advice about treatment, partners and repeat testing. Do not share leftover antibiotics or stop a prescribed course early.

A clinician may offer broader STI screening because one infection does not exclude another. Treatment decisions depend on the result, symptoms, pregnancy status, allergy history and the body site involved. Untreated infection can spread upward and contribute to pelvic inflammatory disease, so arrange follow-up even if symptoms settle.

Seek urgent medical assessment for severe lower-abdominal or pelvic pain, fever, vomiting, faintness, or feeling rapidly more unwell. These symptoms can signal a complication that needs examination rather than waiting for a test result. Seek prompt advice as well if you are pregnant and have possible exposure or symptoms, or if you cannot pass urine.

Which body sites should be sampled? When should I test after exposure? Do I need screening for other STIs? If the result is positive, when can I resume sex and how should partners be contacted?