Multiple myeloma cancer

Plasma cells normally help make antibodies. In myeloma, an abnormal group of plasma cells grows in the marrow and makes an unusual protein. This can crowd out healthy blood-forming cells, weaken bones, and interfere with kidney filtering. Effects vary: some people have few symptoms at first, while others notice bone pain, tiredness, repeated infections, thirst, or changes in urine. Diagnosis usually brings together blood tests, urine tests, imaging, and sometimes a bone marrow sample.

A specialist considers the myeloma pattern, blood counts, kidney function, bone health, symptoms, general health, and personal goals. Treatment may combine medicines that act throughout the body with care for specific problems. Options can include [Targeted Therapy](/treatments/systemic-therapy/targeted-therapy/), [Chemotherapy](/treatments/systemic-therapy/chemotherapy/), [Autologous Stem Cell Transplant](/treatments/cellular-and-transplant-therapy/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), or [CAR T-Cell Therapy](/treatments/cellular-and-transplant-therapy/car-t-cell-therapy/). [Bone-Strengthening Therapy](/treatments/supportive-and-palliative-care/bone-strengthening-therapy/) and pain support may be added when bones are affected. The plan can change as the disease and treatment response are monitored.

Tell your oncology team promptly about new or worsening back pain, a fall, fever, reduced urine, unusual bleeding, or worsening weakness. Seek emergency help for sudden leg weakness, loss of bladder or bowel control, severe breathlessness, chest pain, or confusion. These symptoms can have several causes, but they may signal spinal pressure, infection, anaemia, a clot, or kidney or calcium problems.

Ask what the tests show about the marrow, bones, kidneys, and blood counts; whether treatment is needed now; what each medicine is intended to do; and which symptoms should trigger a call. A written medicine list and symptom diary can help make the discussion more specific.