What should you know about mouth cancer symptoms?

Possible signs include an ulcer that does not heal, a red or white patch, a thickened area, a lump, unexplained bleeding, numbness, persistent soreness or a change in how dentures fit. Symptoms can affect the tongue, gums, inner cheek, lips, floor of the mouth or roof of the mouth.

A hoarse voice, difficulty moving the tongue or jaw, trouble chewing or swallowing, and a persistent neck lump can also require assessment. These findings do not establish cancer: infections, irritation, dental problems and other conditions can look similar. A clinician may inspect the mouth and arrange tests if the finding persists or looks concerning.

Arrange an appointment with a dentist or doctor if a mouth change is persistent, recurring or unexplained. Note when it began, whether it is growing or bleeding, and any effect on eating, speech or swallowing. Bring details of tobacco, vaping, alcohol, dental appliances, recent injury and medicines.

Assessment may include an examination of the mouth and neck, followed by imaging or a biopsy when needed. Treatment is individual: some people may be offered tumour removal surgery, radiotherapy or treatment involving neck lymph nodes, depending on the findings.

Seek prompt medical care for a mouth lesion with ongoing bleeding, rapidly increasing swelling, worsening swallowing difficulty, inability to take fluids, or breathing trouble. Emergency help is appropriate for severe breathing difficulty or bleeding that cannot be controlled. Do not wait for pain: mouth cancer can sometimes cause little discomfort early on.

What could explain this change? How will you examine it? Do I need a biopsy or scan? Which symptoms should make me return sooner? If cancer is found, would surgery, radiotherapy or lymph-node treatment be considered?