What Is the Most Common Cause of Toxic Shock Syndrome?

The bacteria can grow in the vagina, on damaged skin, or in another infected area and release toxins that trigger a sudden, widespread immune reaction. Menstrual products are one possible setting, but toxic shock syndrome can also follow surgery, childbirth, a skin wound, or a local infection. It is not caused by menstrual blood itself. The condition can worsen quickly and does not always begin with an obvious wound or high fever.

Stop using a tampon or menstrual cup if you feel suddenly unwell during use, and seek emergency medical help rather than waiting for symptoms to settle. Do not insert another product. In hospital, clinicians may take samples, look for the source of infection, give fluids and antibiotics, and monitor the heart, kidneys, breathing, and blood pressure. Antibiotic Treatment for Pelvic Infection may be relevant when a pelvic infection is identified, but suspected toxic shock needs emergency assessment.

Call emergency services for sudden fever, vomiting or diarrhoea, a widespread rash, severe muscle aches, confusion, faintness, difficulty breathing, very low blood pressure symptoms, or rapidly worsening illness. Peeling skin may appear later. Do not wait for every symptom to develop, particularly after surgery, childbirth, a wound, or menstrual product use.

What was the likely source of the bacteria? Were cultures taken? Which wound, vaginal, or pelvic care is needed? When can I use internal menstrual products again? What symptoms should prompt a return to hospital?