Medical management of kidney stones

A stone may cause severe, cramping flank pain that travels towards the abdomen or groin. Painful urination, blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting or difficulty passing urine can also occur. Dehydration can contribute to stone formation, but similar symptoms may come from other conditions. Assessment may include a urine test, blood tests and imaging; an abdominal ultrasound is one possible test, depending on the situation.

Arrange a GP consultation for persistent or recurring symptoms, and follow the recommended plan for pain relief and fluids. Drink regularly unless a clinician has advised fluid restriction. If you pass a stone, ask whether it should be saved for analysis. Treatment may involve observation, medicine to support passage, a procedure to remove or break the stone, or care for an associated infection or blockage. Later advice may focus on hydration and stone type.

Seek urgent medical care for fever or chills with flank pain, inability to pass urine, uncontrolled pain, repeated vomiting, or feeling faint or very unwell. A blocked urinary system with infection can deteriorate quickly. Emergency assessment is also warranted if you have a single functioning kidney, are pregnant, or have significant kidney disease and develop new urinary pain.

Ask where the stone is, whether urine flow is blocked, which imaging is appropriate, how pain should be managed, and what change would mean you need urgent review. Ask how much fluid is suitable for you and whether stone analysis or prevention testing is needed.