Management of toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome is a rapidly developing illness caused by toxins associated with certain bacterial infections. It can affect several body systems and may follow a wound, surgery, skin infection or vaginal product use. Early symptoms may include sudden fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle aches, dizziness, confusion or a widespread rash. It can worsen quickly, so it should not be managed at home.

Treatment usually takes place in hospital. Clinicians give antibiotics, fluids and other medicines to support circulation and organ function. They look for and remove the source of infection, which may mean removing a tampon or menstrual cup, cleaning a wound or draining infected tissue. Blood tests, urine checks and close monitoring help the team assess response and detect effects on the kidneys, lungs or other organs. Recovery may require follow-up after discharge.

Call emergency services for sudden fever with vomiting or diarrhoea, faintness, confusion, breathing difficulty, a widespread rash, severe muscle pain or rapidly worsening illness, especially during menstruation or after a wound or procedure. Remove a tampon or menstrual cup if you can do so safely, but do not delay emergency help while trying to identify the source.

Ask what source caused the infection, which antibiotics and follow-up tests are needed, when wound care or activity can change, and which returning symptoms should prompt immediate reassessment.