Kidney stones: what to do

A kidney stone is a hard collection of minerals that forms in the urinary system. It may stay in the kidney or move into the tube carrying urine to the bladder. Movement can cause waves of severe pain in the flank or abdomen, nausea, or painful urination. A stone can also obstruct urine flow. Dehydration may make urine more concentrated, but several factors can contribute. A symptom such as flank pain can occur with kidney stones, yet it does not identify the cause by itself.

Arrange a GP consultation if pain, urinary symptoms, or a suspected stone does not settle. Assessment may include questions about the pain, a urine test, blood tests, and imaging. An abdominal ultrasound can help look for a stone or blockage without using X-rays. Treatment depends on the stone’s position, size, symptoms, and your general health. Your clinician may recommend prescribed pain relief, monitoring, or a procedure to remove or break up a stone. Drink fluids according to medical advice; forcing large amounts can be unsuitable when urine flow is blocked or another condition affects fluid balance. If you pass a stone, ask whether it should be collected for analysis.

Seek urgent medical care for severe or worsening pain, fever or chills, repeated vomiting, faintness, or blood in the urine. Get prompt help if you cannot pass urine, have difficulty passing urine with increasing pain, or feel unusually unwell. A blocked urinary system alongside infection can become serious and needs rapid assessment. Pregnancy, a single functioning kidney, known kidney disease, or significant dehydration are additional reasons to contact a clinician promptly.

Ask what is most likely causing your symptoms, whether imaging is needed, how to take the recommended pain relief, and how much fluid is appropriate for you. You can also ask how a stone will be monitored, what changes would mean that treatment is needed, and whether a passed stone should be tested.